Astrowirusy to wirusy o kulistym kształcie, nie posiadające dodatkowej białkowo-lipidowej otoczki, które swoją nazwę zawdzięczają charakterystycznemu obrazowi gwiazdy w mikroskopie elektronowym tworzonemu przez białko kapsydu. Ich genom to jednoniciowe RNA o dodatniej polarności. Podobnie jak inne wirusy o genomie RNA są one niezwykle zróżnicowane genetycznie. Zmienność ta powoduje, że taksonomia astrowirusów wciąż jest niepełna i niejednoznaczna. Astrowirusy identyfikowano u wielu gatunków ssaków i ptaków, co więcej mogą także przekraczać bariery międzygatunkowe.

 

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