Rozpatrując stosowanie terapii fagowych w celu zwalczania zakażeń bakteryjnych u drobiu należy rozważyć wiele czynników mających wpływ na wydajność tych terapii. Wspomniano już powyżej o odpowiedniej ilości fagów w preparatach. Wpływ podawania profilaktycznego a terapeutycznego również ma znaczenie, ponieważ skuteczność bakteriofagów zależy od ich zdolności do dobrej replikacji, wymaga obecności wystarczających stężeń dostępnych bakterii gospodarza i zdolności do przetrwania w określonych warunkach środowiska.

Piśmiennictwo:

1.           Abd-El Wahab A, Basiouni S, El-Seedi HR, Ahmed MFE, Bielke LR, Hargis B, Tellez-Isaias G, Eisenreich W, Lehnherr H, Kittler S, Shehata AA, Visscher C. An overview of the use of bacteriophages in the poultry industry: Successes, challenges, and possibilities for overcoming breakdowns. Front Microbiol. 2023 Mar 21;14:1136638.

2.           Abreu R, Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Cunha E, Tavares L, Oliveira M. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Poultry Production: Current Status and Innovative Strategies for Bacterial Control. Microorganisms. 2023 Apr 6;11(4):953.

3.           Adhikari PA, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Lee JH, Kim WK. Effect of dietary bacteriophage supplementation on internal organs, fecal excretion, and ileal immune response in laying hens challenged by Salmonella Enteritidis. Poult Sci. 2017 Sep 1;96(9):3264-3271.

4.           Bardina C, Spricigo DA, Cortés P, Llagostera M. Significance of the bacteriophage treatment schedule in reducing Salmonella colonization of poultry. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(18):6600-7.

5.           Borie C, Sánchez ML, Navarro C, Ramírez S, Morales MA, Retamales J, Robeson J. Aerosol spray treatment with bacteriophages and competitive exclusion reduces Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Dis. 2009 Jun;53(2):250-4.

6.           Carvalho CM, Gannon BW, Halfhide DE, Santos SB, Hayes CM, Roe JM, Azeredo J. The in vivo efficacy of two administration routes of a phage cocktail to reduce numbers of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in chickens. BMC Microbiol. 2010 Sep 1;10:232.

7.           Gildea L, Ayariga JA, Robertson BK. Bacteriophages as Biocontrol Agents in Livestock Food Production. Microorganisms. 2022 Oct 27;10(11):2126.

8.           Grabowski Ł, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A, Podlacha M. Highly different effects of phage therapy and antibiotic therapy on immunological responses of chickens infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 23;13:956833.

9.           Grant A, Hashem F, Parveen S. Salmonella and Campylobacter: Antimicrobial resistance and bacteriophage control in poultry. Food Microbiol. 2016 Feb;53(Pt B):104-9.

10.         Hammerl JA, Jäckel C, Alter T, Janzcyk P, Stingl K, Knüver MT, Hertwig S. Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chicken by successive application of group II and group III phages. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 9;9(12):e114785.

11.         Huff WE, Huff GR, Rath NC, Donoghue AM. Evaluation of the influence of bacteriophage titer on the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2006 Aug;85(8):1373-7.

12.         Huff WE, Huff GR, Rath NC, Donoghue AM. Immune interference of bacteriophage efficacy when treating colibacillosis in poultry. Poult Sci. 2010 May;89(5):895-900.

13.         Islam MR, Martinez-Soto CE, Lin JT, Khursigara CM, Barbut S, Anany H. A systematic review from basics to omics on bacteriophage applications in poultry production and processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(18):3097-3129.

14.         Knezevic P, Obreht D, Curcin S, Petrusic M, Aleksic V, Kostanjsek R, Petrovic O. Phages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: response to environmental factors and in vitro ability to inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation. J Appl Microbiol. 2011 Jul;111(1):245-54.

15.         Mosimann S, Desiree K, Ebner P. Efficacy of phage therapy in poultry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Poult Sci. 2021 Dec;100(12):101472.

16.         Venturini C, Petrovic Fabijan A, Fajardo Lubian A, Barbirz S, Iredell J. Biological foundations of successful bacteriophage therapy. EMBO Mol Med. 2022 Jul 7;14(7):e12435.

17.         Wernicki A, Nowaczek A, Urban-Chmiel R. Bacteriophage therapy to combat bacterial infections in poultry. Virol J. 2017 Sep 16;14(1):179.

18.         Żbikowska K, Michalczuk M, Dolka B. The Use of Bacteriophages in the Poultry Industry. Animals (Basel). 2020 May 18;10(5):872.

19.         Zia S, Alkheraije KA. Recent trends in the use of bacteriophages as replacement of antimicrobials against food-animal pathogens. Front Vet Sci. 2023 May 25;10:1162465. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1162465. PMID: 37303721; PMCID: PMC10247982.